Scientific Sessions

Cancer classification is currently based on the cell of origin and type of tissue.

Carcinoma: Cancer that develops in the skin or in tissues that line or cover body organs. carcinoma may appear in breast, colon, liver, lung, pancreas, prostate or stomach.

Sarcoma: A type of cancer develops in bone or in the soft tissues of the body, including cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, fibrous tissue, or other connective or supportive tissue. Based on site different types of sarcoma -osteosarcoma (bone), liposarcoma (fat) and rhabdomyosarcoma (muscle) occurs in both adults and children.

Myeloma: Cancer of plasma cells, known as plasma cell myeloma and simply myeloma, appears in one type of white blood cell which normally produces antibodies.

Leukaemia: Cancer of the blood cells including red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets. Generally it refers to cancers of the WBCs.

Lymphoma: Cancer which begins in infection-fighting cells of the immune system called lymphocytes. Cells may appear in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow and other parts of the body.

Two types of Lymphoma

• Non-Hodgkin
• Hodgkin lymphoma

Mixed Types: Cancer which develops in two different types of cell from one category or multiple categories. 

Myeloma: Often occurring in the bone marrow actually originates in plasma cells circulate as part of the blood.

Based on the place of organ where cancer exists, various cancers are present in different parts of the human body. It may vary in signs, symptoms, prevention, pain and treatment depending on the position of severity and cell growth.

Breast cancer: Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers among women. It is a steroid hormone–dependent tumor mainly on both estrogen and progesterone hormones which can increase both normal and abnormal breast cell growth.

Digestive/Gastrointestinal cancer:Refers to malignant conditions of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and accessory organs of digestion, including the esophagus, stomach, biliary system, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus.

Endocrine and Neuroendocrine cancer: 

Endocrine cancer: An abnormal cell growth due to change in DNA leads to formation of tumor. Most Endocrine tumors /Adrenal Tumors are non-cancerous but a few will become cancerous.  An endocrine cancer normally appears in thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, parathyroid and pituitary glands.

Neuroendocrine cancer:  A tumor from neuroendocrine cells release hormones into the blood in response to a signal from the nervous system may make higher-than-normal amounts of hormones known as neuroendocrine tumors. 

Eye: Cancer which may affect the eye itself are called intraocular cancers.

• Melanoma (Intraocular melanoma)
• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
• Retinoblastoma(retina)

Genitourinary cancer: Cancers develops in the male reproductive system and adrenal glands present in a part of the Genitourinary tract.

• prostate cancer
• kidney cancer
• bladder cancer
• testicular cancer

Germ Cell cancer: Cancers derived from pluripotent cells, most often presenting in the testicle or the ovary (seminoma and dysgerminoma).

Gynecologic cancer: The cancers develops in a woman's reproductive organs. gynaecologic cancers in five different places within a woman's pelvis, Each gynecologic cancer is unique, with different signs and symptoms, risk factors and prevention strategies.

• Cervical cancer
• Endometrial cancer
• Ovarian Cancer
• Uterine sarcoma
• Vaginal cancer
• Vulvar cancer

Head and Neck cancer: Head and Neck squamous cell carcinoma (HSNCC) is highly invasive, frequently metastasizing to cervical lymph nodes and corresponds with poor prognosis. account for 6% of all cancers worldwide.

Hematologic/Blood cancer: 

• Haematology can be defined as the study of blood in health and disease. It includes problems within the three types of blood cells, blood vessels, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen
• Blood Cancer: Cancer present in blood-forming tissues  like  bone marrowand in cells of the immune system. 

Musculoskeletal cancer: Musculoskeletal cancer is any cancer that develops in bone or soft-tissue, such as muscle. It includes

• Bone cancer (bone sarcoma)
• Soft tissue sarcoma 
• Metastatic carcinoma

Neurologic cancer: Neurological cancer causes when cells inside the brain reproduce uncontrollably, forming a mass called tumor, which may affects both brain and spine areas of the body. Brain cancer occurs can be cancerous or noncancerous.

Respiratory/Thoracic cancer: Lung cancer occurs when cells divide in the lungs uncontrollably which causes tumors to grow and gradually reduces a person’s ability to breathe and spread to other parts of the body. It includes lung carcinoid tumors, thymic malignanciesand trachealtumors. Two types of lung cancers

• Small-cell lung carcinoma 
• Non-small-cell lung carcinoma 

Skin cancer: Skin cancer may appear in abnormal growth of cells in the epidermis, caused by unrepaired DNA damage that triggers mutations which leads to rapid growth in skin cells and form malignant tumors.

• Basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
• Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC)

The study of the spread, determinants and prevalence of cancer in particular populations is known as epidemiology. The aim is to recognise the factors that cause the disease in order to establish disease-prevention strategies. Epidemiologic assessment provides a clinician with a comprehensive assessment of cancer risk, outlines the definition of screening modalities for high-risk populations and delineates the concept of cancer surveillance determines the efficacy of any preventive intervention.

• Cancer Statistics and Surveillance
• Cancer Risk Factors and Prevention
• Cancer Screening and Early Detection
• Cancer Disparities and Equity
• Cancer Policies and Programs

Genetic Mutations: The scientific discipline that investigation of genes and pathways in cancer development. Cancer geneticists use several approaches including the analysis of the genomes of cancer patients to identify cancer genes.

Epigenetics: It is considered as rapidly growing field of cancer research which includes study of behavioural and environmental changes that affect the active genes. Mutations in the DNA sequence of specific genes led to the uncontrolled cell reproduction seen in cancer.

Lifestyle Habits:  According to present survey many of the factors potentially influencing the chance of developing cancer due to lifestyle and personal choices. We have the power to attain some control over exposure to minimize the effects of harmful factors like alcohols and maximize the chance of keeping good health and living a long and happy life.

Infection and inflammation:- Although most cancer seems to arise from environmental exposures to chemicals and radiation or lifestyle choices, a large number of cases are caused by infections.

Viruses:  The very small organisms which damages the cells of other animals or plants. Human Beings are susceptible to a large number of different viruses. Viruses are known to cause human cancers.

• Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
• Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
• Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) 
• Human Herpesvirus 8 (HH8)

Radiation: High-energy radiation, such as x-rays, gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particlesand neutrons which produces from nuclear plant can damage DNA and cause cancer.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing oncology by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, treatment planning, and patient outcomes. AI algorithms analyze vast amounts of data from medical imaging, genomic profiles, and clinical records to identify patterns and predict treatment responses.

In diagnostics, AI-powered tools assist radiologists in detecting tumors and analyzing pathology slides with higher precision and speed, leading to earlier detection and personalized treatment strategies. AI's ability to integrate and interpret complex data enables oncologists to tailor therapies based on individual patient profiles, optimizing treatment efficacy and minimizing side effects.

Cancer pathophysiology explores the intricate biological mechanisms that underlie the development and progression of malignancies. At its core, cancer arises from genetic mutations that disrupt normal cellular processes, leading to uncontrolled proliferation and survival advantages over normal cells. These mutations can be acquired through environmental factors such as radiation or carcinogens, or they can be inherited through germline mutations. In addition to genetic alterations, cancer pathophysiology involves complex interactions within the tumor microenvironment, where factors like inflammation, immune responses, and metabolic changes play crucial roles in tumor growth and metastasis. Understanding these underlying mechanisms is essential for developing targeted therapies that exploit vulnerabilities unique to cancer cells while minimizing harm to healthy tissues.

An imaging test is a way to identify the affected parts of a human. The test sends various sources of energy into the body, including x-rays, sound waves, radioactive particles and magnetic fields. The body tissues change the energy patterns accordingly to make an image or picture shows inside position and functioning so that health care providers can identify the changes caused by diseases like cancer.

• Computed tomography (CT): The most common imaging method used to detect cancer cells and monitor its spread.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging:  A procedure that uses powerful magnetic fields which don’t generate any ionising radiation. Where MRI is used for examining cancer or sarcoma in the head and neck region.
• X-rays and other radiographic tests: X-rays and other radiographic tests help doctors look for cancer in different parts of the body including bones and organs like the stomach and kidneys which are typically fast, painless without any special preparation while other tests may require more preparation ahead of time and causes some discomfort and side effects.
• Mammography: An X-ray image is used to examine breast tumors and also used in breast cancer screening.
• Ultrasound is useful for examining the cervix, pancreas, liver and kidneys. Needle biopsies can also be taken in ultra sound techniques. 
• Molecular imaging: Process of visualization, characterization and measurement of biological processes of cancer cells at the molecular and cellular levels in living systems
• Biomedical imaging: Medical imaging is process of imaging for clinical analysis and medical intervention. Biomedical imaging utilizes either x-rays or ultra sound to capture the capture of images to assess the current condition of an organ or tissue for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
• Biomarkers are naturally occurring molecules, genes, produced either by the tumor cells or by other cells of the body used for particular pathological or physiological process in response to the tumor used as screening/early detection tool of cancer.

Detecting and diagnosing cancer includes evaluating the presence of cancer in the body and determining the nature of the disease. Expanding the ability to detect precancerous lesions on the verge of developing into life-threatening cancers will allow for early intervention, potentially preventing cancer from developing at all. Patients would be spared the physical and financial risks of premature surgery, as well as the psychological harms of a cancer diagnosis, if they were diagnosed with potentially lethal cancers. Additional studies will enable the way for the advancement of more responsive, reliable preventive approaches in the future like Cost-effective methods of detecting, diagnosing and preventing cancer.

Clinical Research: Clinical research is a branch of healthcare science that focuses on developing new and improved methods for detecting, diagnosing, treating and preventing disease. Clinical trials, in which experimental treatments for a disease are studied and natural history research, in which health data is gathered to explain how a disease evolves and progresses over time.

Clinical Trials: Experiments or observations carried out in a clinical setting in clinical trials. Such prospective human biomedical or behavioural research trials are intended to address specific questions regarding potential therapies.

Surgery: Surgery is a traditional form of cancer treatment Which is the most effective method of eliminating cancer cells before it has spread to lymph nodes or distant sites.

Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with one or more cytotoxic anti-neoplastic drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as part of a standardized regimen which encompasses a variety of drugs divided into broad categories such as alkylating agents and antimetabolites. Traditional chemotherapeutic agents can be used for rapidly growing cancer cells.

Radiation Therapy: common treatment uses high-energy particles or waves to destroy or damage cancer cells to keep them from spreading. It might get it along with surgery or chemotherapy.

Stem Cell (Bone Marrow) Transplant: Usage of chemo or radiation to destroy as many cancer cells as possible and try to replace them with healthy stem cells from bone marrow or blood.

Immunotherapy (Biological Therapy): The therapy by which gets the body’s immune system to fight cancer

Targeted Drug Therapy: in which drugs work against specific parts of cancer cells to keep them from growing or spreading.

Alternative Medicine: Alternative medicine is the term used in medical treatments which may used instead of traditional therapies not part of the conventional standard of cancer care includes special diet and exercises, chemicals, herbs, devices and manual procedures.

Case Report: A comprehensive report on a particular patient's diagnosis, care and follow-up as well as some demographic details such as age, gender and ethnic origin.

Case Reports in Oncology includes case reports and case series related to different types of cancers, depending on the various aspects in cancer cases, number of case reports will be noted. Case reports on cancer treatment contains different types of treatments can be given to an individual based on age, severity, side effects and other complications. Reports can be noted after the treatment process for better future analysis.

Ethical principles guide every aspect of cancer research and clinical trials to ensure patient welfare, uphold scientific integrity, and foster societal trust. Informed consent stands as a cornerstone, empowering patients to make educated decisions about trial participation by understanding risks, benefits, and alternatives.

Equity is crucial, addressing disparities in trial access and representation to ensure diverse populations benefit from emerging therapies. Scientific rigor, including robust study design and transparent reporting, safeguards against bias and misinformation, maintaining the credibility of oncological advancements.

Genomic and precision medicine introduce ethical complexities such as privacy concerns and the handling of incidental findings. Ethical frameworks must balance personalized treatment potential with patient autonomy and data security.

Beyond individual impacts, ethical considerations encompass broader societal implications. Addressing health disparities and promoting equitable access to care are ethical imperatives in oncology, necessitating collaborative efforts among researchers, clinicians, regulators, and patient advocates.

Cancer Management is described as care provided to patients with a severe or life-threatening disease in order to enhance their quality of life. The aim of cancer management is to avoid or treat disease symptoms, side effects caused by treatment of disease and psychological, social and moral issues associated with a disease or its treatment as early as possible.

• comfort care
• palliative care
• supportive care

Cancer Research: Cancer research covers everything from epidemiology to molecular bioscience to conducting clinical trials to identify causes and establish methods for prevention, diagnosis, care and cure to evaluate and compare applications of the various cancer treatments includes surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy and combined treatments such as chemo-radiotherapy. The new treatments in clinical cancer research shifted towards therapies from both biotechnology and biomedical research, such as cancer immunotherapy and gene therapy.

The growth of the global oncology/cancer drugs market is primarily driven by an increase in the occurrence of various cancer disorders, a rise in the popularity of innovative therapies and an increase in the global geriatric population. The market is expected to expand due to increased cancer awareness and the availability of cancer drugs. On the other hand, the high cost of new drug production, combined with the risk of failure and side effects associated with cancer drug therapies, is expected to limit market growth. The increased number of pipeline products and the high potential of emerging economies are expected to create new opportunities for market players in the future.

• By depending on type of drug class, the targeted therapy occupied 56% share of the global oncology drugs market in 2019.
• By depending on indication, the lung cancer segment anticipates growth with the highest CAGR throughout the forecast period.
• By region, the Asia-Pacific oncology drugs market is anticipated to exhibit a CAGR of 9.4% during the forecast period.

Researchers are actively working to develop our awareness of how to prevent, diagnose and treat cancer. They're also looking at ways to eliminate inequalities and boost the quality of life for cancer survivors. Most recent research in these cancers, including advancements that could soon translate into improved care.

• Bladder Cancer
• Colorectal Cancer
• Endometrial Cancer
• Leukemia
• Liver Cancer
• Lung Cancer
• Lymphoma
• Skin Cancers
• Prostate Cancer
• Thyroid Cancer

Cancer prevention: Cancer prevention can be defined prior care  taken to lower the risk of getting cancer. Maintaining a safe lifestyle, avoiding suspected cancer-causing chemicals and taking cancer-prevention drugs or vaccines are all examples of this.

• Changes in diet and lifestyle
• Risk-reducing surgery
• Chemoprevention

Vaccines: There are vaccines that can prevent healthy people from getting certain cancers caused by viruses. 

• Anti-cancer vaccines can be preventive and used as therapeutic treatment.
• Clinical Trials

Pediatric oncology focuses on diagnosing and treating cancers in children, presenting unique challenges and opportunities for medical research and clinical practice. Advances in treatment have significantly improved survival rates, yet pediatric cancers remain complex and require specialized approaches tailored to young patients.

Research in pediatric oncology spans novel therapies, precision medicine, and supportive care innovations aimed at minimizing treatment-related side effects. Tailored treatment plans consider developmental stages, genetic predispositions, and long-term quality of life

Precision oncology represents a paradigm shift in cancer treatment, leveraging advanced technologies to tailor therapies based on individual patient characteristics. By analyzing genomic profiles, molecular biomarkers, and tumor characteristics, precision oncology aims to optimize treatment efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. This approach allows oncologists to select therapies that are most likely to benefit specific patients, moving away from a one-size-fits-all approach to a more personalized treatment strategy.

The cornerstone of precision oncology lies in its ability to identify targetable genetic alterations and molecular pathways driving cancer growth. This information guides the selection of targeted therapies and immunotherapies, which can precisely attack cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues. Moreover, precision oncology integrates data from diverse sources such as next-generation sequencing, imaging techniques, and patient-reported outcomes to continuously refine treatment strategies and improve patient outcomes. Ethical considerations in precision oncology include ensuring patient consent for genetic testing, maintaining data privacy, and addressing disparities in access to cutting-edge therapies. As precision oncology continues to evolve, interdisciplinary collaboration among oncologists, geneticists, bioinformaticians, and ethicists will be essential to harnessing its full potential in improving cancer care.

Humans are affected by over 100 different forms of cancer. Tobacco usage is most responsible for about 22% of cancer deaths. Obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity and excessive alcohol consumption account for the remaining 10%. Other considerations include cancers, ionising radiation exposure and exposure to toxins in the atmosphere.